Which Supreme Court case established the principle of judicial review?

The principle of judicial review was established by the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison in 1803. This landmark decision, authored by Chief Justice John Marshall, asserted the power of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional if it contradicted the Constitution. This ruling confirmed the judiciary's role as the interpreter of the law and a co-equal branch of government, providing the Court with the authority to review laws and executive actions to ensure they align with constitutional principles. This foundational concept has shaped the balance of power within the U.S. government and remains a critical aspect of American constitutional law.

In contrast, the other cases listed focus on different issues, such as civil rights and individual liberties, but do not pertain to the establishment of judicial review. For example, Brown v. Board of Education dealt with the desegregation of public schools, Roe v. Wade addressed women's right to abortion, and Plessy v. Ferguson was centered on racial segregation laws.